Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 directly regulates murine neurogenesis
Identifieur interne : 000273 ( France/Analysis ); précédent : 000272; suivant : 000274Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 directly regulates murine neurogenesis
Auteurs : Charles-Félix Calvo [France] ; Romain H. Fontaine [France] ; Jihane Soueid [France] ; Tuomas Tammela [Finlande] ; Taija Makinen [Finlande] ; Clara Alfaro-Cervello [Espagne] ; Fabien Bonnaud [Royaume-Uni] ; Andres Miguez [France] ; Lucile Benhaim [France] ; Yunling Xu [France] ; Maria-José Barallobre [Espagne] ; Imane Moutkine [France] ; Johannes Lyytikk [Finlande] ; Turgut Tatlisumak [Finlande] ; Bronislaw Pytowski [États-Unis] ; Bernard Zalc [France] ; William Richardson [Royaume-Uni] ; Nicoletta Kessaris [Royaume-Uni] ; Jose Manuel Garcia-Verdugo [Espagne] ; Kari Alitalo [Finlande] ; Anne Eichmann [France, États-Unis] ; Jean-Léon Thomas [France, États-Unis]Source :
- Genes & Development [ 0890-9369 ] ; 2011.
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are slowly dividing astrocytes that are intimately associated with capillary endothelial cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the brain. Functionally, members of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family can stimulate neurogenesis as well as angiogenesis, but it has been unclear whether they act directly via VEGF receptors (VEGFRs) expressed by neural cells, or indirectly via the release of growth factors from angiogenic capillaries. Here, we show that VEGFR-3, a receptor required for lymphangiogenesis, is expressed by NSCs and is directly required for neurogenesis.
Url:
DOI: 10.1101/gad.615311
PubMed: 21498572
PubMed Central: 3078708
Affiliations:
- Espagne, Finlande, France, Royaume-Uni, États-Unis
- Angleterre, Catalogne, Grand Londres, Uusimaa, Île-de-France
- Barcelone, Helsinki, Londres, Paris
- University College de Londres, Université d'Helsinki
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PMC:3078708Le document en format XML
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Biology Laboratory, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00290</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Helsinki</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Helsinki</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Uusimaa</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff5">Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00290</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Helsinki</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Helsinki</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Uusimaa</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name 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Coventry HP9 2FX, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Cellular Imaging and Analysis, PerkinElmer, Coventry HP9 2FX</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Coventry HP9 2FX</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Miguez, Andres" sort="Miguez, Andres" uniqKey="Miguez A" first="Andres" last="Miguez">Andres Miguez</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">University Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epiniere, UMR S975, Paris 75651, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>University Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epiniere, UMR S975, Paris 75651</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75651</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation 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la Moelle Epiniere, UMR S975, Paris 75651, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>University Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epiniere, UMR S975, Paris 75651</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75651</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Inserm, U975, Paris 75651, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Inserm, U975, Paris 75651</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75651</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3">CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris 75651, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris 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wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff9">Center for Genomic Regulation, UPF and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, Barcelona 08003, Spain;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Genomic Regulation, UPF and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, Barcelona 08003</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moutkine, Imane" sort="Moutkine, Imane" uniqKey="Moutkine I" first="Imane" last="Moutkine">Imane Moutkine</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">University Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epiniere, UMR S975, Paris 75651, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>University Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epiniere, UMR S975, Paris 75651</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75651</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Inserm, U975, Paris 75651, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Inserm, U975, Paris 75651</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75651</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3">CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris 75651, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris 75651</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75651</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lyytikk, Johannes" sort="Lyytikk, Johannes" uniqKey="Lyytikk J" first="Johannes" last="Lyytikk">Johannes Lyytikk</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff10">Experimental MRI Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Experimental MRI Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki FI-00290</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Helsinki FI-00290</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tatlisumak, Turgut" sort="Tatlisumak, Turgut" uniqKey="Tatlisumak T" first="Turgut" last="Tatlisumak">Turgut Tatlisumak</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff10">Experimental MRI Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Experimental MRI Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki FI-00290</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Helsinki FI-00290</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pytowski, Bronislaw" sort="Pytowski, Bronislaw" uniqKey="Pytowski B" first="Bronislaw" last="Pytowski">Bronislaw Pytowski</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff11">ImClone Systems, New York, New York 10016, USA;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>ImClone Systems, New York, New York 10016</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>New York 10016</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zalc, Bernard" sort="Zalc, Bernard" uniqKey="Zalc B" first="Bernard" last="Zalc">Bernard Zalc</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">University Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epiniere, UMR S975, Paris 75651, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>University Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epiniere, UMR S975, Paris 75651</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75651</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Inserm, U975, Paris 75651, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Inserm, U975, Paris 75651</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75651</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3">CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris 75651, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris 75651</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75651</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff12">Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris 75651, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris 75651</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75651</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Richardson, William" sort="Richardson, William" uniqKey="Richardson W" first="William" last="Richardson">William Richardson</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff13">Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">University College de Londres</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff14">Research Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">University College de Londres</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kessaris, Nicoletta" sort="Kessaris, Nicoletta" uniqKey="Kessaris N" first="Nicoletta" last="Kessaris">Nicoletta Kessaris</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff13">Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">University College de Londres</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff14">Research Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">University College de Londres</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia Verdugo, Jose Manuel" sort="Garcia Verdugo, Jose Manuel" uniqKey="Garcia Verdugo J" first="Jose Manuel" last="Garcia-Verdugo">Jose Manuel Garcia-Verdugo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6">Laboratorio de Morfología Celular, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, CIBERNED, Valencia 46013, Spain;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratorio de Morfología Celular, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, CIBERNED, Valencia 46013</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Valencia 46013</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff15">Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia 46980, Spain;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia 46980</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Valencia 46980</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alitalo, Kari" sort="Alitalo, Kari" uniqKey="Alitalo K" first="Kari" last="Alitalo">Kari Alitalo</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff4">Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00290</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Helsinki</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Helsinki</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Uusimaa</region></placeName><placeName><settlement type="city">Helsinki</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Uusimaa</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université d'Helsinki</orgName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff5">Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00290</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Helsinki</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Helsinki</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Uusimaa</region></placeName><placeName><settlement type="city">Helsinki</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Uusimaa</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université d'Helsinki</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eichmann, Anne" sort="Eichmann, Anne" uniqKey="Eichmann A" first="Anne" last="Eichmann">Anne Eichmann</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8">Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, Paris 75005, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, Paris 75005</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75005</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff16">Department of Cardiology, Yale University School of Medicine, Connecticut 06511, USA;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Cardiology, Yale University School of Medicine, Connecticut 06511</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Connecticut 06511</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thomas, Jean Leon" sort="Thomas, Jean Leon" uniqKey="Thomas J" first="Jean-Léon" last="Thomas">Jean-Léon Thomas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">University Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epiniere, UMR S975, Paris 75651, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>University Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epiniere, UMR S975, Paris 75651</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75651</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Inserm, U975, Paris 75651, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Inserm, U975, Paris 75651</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75651</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3">CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris 75651, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris 75651</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75651</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff12">Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris 75651, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris 75651</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75651</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff17">Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, Connecticut 06511, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, Connecticut 06511</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Connecticut 06511</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">21498572</idno><idno type="pmc">3078708</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3078708</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3078708</idno><idno type="doi">10.1101/gad.615311</idno><date when="2011">2011</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002E15</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002E15</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">002E14</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">002E14</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">002C37</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">002C37</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">004287</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Curation">004287</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Checkpoint">004287</idno><idno type="wicri:doubleKey">0890-9369:2011:Calvo C:vascular:endothelial:growth</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">004A34</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">004A02</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">004A02</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/France/Extraction">000273</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 directly regulates murine neurogenesis</title><author><name sortKey="Calvo, Charles Felix" sort="Calvo, Charles Felix" uniqKey="Calvo C" first="Charles-Félix" last="Calvo">Charles-Félix Calvo</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff1">University Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epiniere, UMR S975, Paris 75651, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>University Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epiniere, UMR S975, Paris 75651</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Inserm, U975, Paris 75651, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Inserm, U975, Paris 75651</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff3">CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris 75651, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris 75651</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fontaine, Romain H" sort="Fontaine, Romain H" uniqKey="Fontaine R" first="Romain H." last="Fontaine">Romain H. Fontaine</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff1">University Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epiniere, UMR S975, Paris 75651, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>University Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epiniere, UMR S975, Paris 75651</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Inserm, U975, Paris 75651, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Inserm, U975, Paris 75651</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff3">CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris 75651, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris 75651</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Soueid, Jihane" sort="Soueid, Jihane" uniqKey="Soueid J" first="Jihane" last="Soueid">Jihane Soueid</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff1">University Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epiniere, UMR S975, Paris 75651, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>University Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epiniere, UMR S975, Paris 75651</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Inserm, U975, Paris 75651, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Inserm, U975, Paris 75651</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff3">CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris 75651, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris 75651</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tammela, Tuomas" sort="Tammela, Tuomas" uniqKey="Tammela T" first="Tuomas" last="Tammela">Tuomas Tammela</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff4">Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00290</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Helsinki</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Helsinki</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Uusimaa</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff5">Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00290</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Helsinki</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Helsinki</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Uusimaa</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Makinen, Taija" sort="Makinen, Taija" uniqKey="Makinen T" first="Taija" last="Makinen">Taija Makinen</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff4">Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00290</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Helsinki</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Helsinki</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Uusimaa</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff5">Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00290</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Helsinki</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Helsinki</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Uusimaa</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alfaro Cervello, Clara" sort="Alfaro Cervello, Clara" uniqKey="Alfaro Cervello C" first="Clara" last="Alfaro-Cervello">Clara Alfaro-Cervello</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6">Laboratorio de Morfología Celular, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, CIBERNED, Valencia 46013, Spain;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratorio de Morfología Celular, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, CIBERNED, Valencia 46013</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Valencia 46013</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bonnaud, Fabien" sort="Bonnaud, Fabien" uniqKey="Bonnaud F" first="Fabien" last="Bonnaud">Fabien Bonnaud</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7">Cellular Imaging and Analysis, PerkinElmer, Coventry HP9 2FX, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Cellular Imaging and Analysis, PerkinElmer, Coventry HP9 2FX</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Coventry HP9 2FX</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Miguez, Andres" sort="Miguez, Andres" uniqKey="Miguez A" first="Andres" last="Miguez">Andres Miguez</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">University Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epiniere, UMR S975, Paris 75651, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>University Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epiniere, UMR S975, Paris 75651</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75651</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Inserm, U975, Paris 75651, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Inserm, U975, Paris 75651</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75651</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3">CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris 75651, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris 75651</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75651</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Benhaim, Lucile" sort="Benhaim, Lucile" uniqKey="Benhaim L" first="Lucile" last="Benhaim">Lucile Benhaim</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">University Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epiniere, UMR S975, Paris 75651, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>University Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epiniere, UMR S975, Paris 75651</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75651</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Inserm, U975, Paris 75651, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Inserm, U975, Paris 75651</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75651</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3">CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris 75651, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris 75651</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75651</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, Yunling" sort="Xu, Yunling" uniqKey="Xu Y" first="Yunling" last="Xu">Yunling Xu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8">Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, Paris 75005, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, Paris 75005</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75005</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Barallobre, Maria Jose" sort="Barallobre, Maria Jose" uniqKey="Barallobre M" first="Maria-José" last="Barallobre">Maria-José Barallobre</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff9">Center for Genomic Regulation, UPF and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, Barcelona 08003, Spain;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Genomic Regulation, UPF and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, Barcelona 08003</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moutkine, Imane" sort="Moutkine, Imane" uniqKey="Moutkine I" first="Imane" last="Moutkine">Imane Moutkine</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">University Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epiniere, UMR S975, Paris 75651, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>University Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epiniere, UMR S975, Paris 75651</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75651</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Inserm, U975, Paris 75651, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Inserm, U975, Paris 75651</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75651</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3">CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris 75651, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris 75651</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75651</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lyytikk, Johannes" sort="Lyytikk, Johannes" uniqKey="Lyytikk J" first="Johannes" last="Lyytikk">Johannes Lyytikk</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff10">Experimental MRI Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Experimental MRI Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki FI-00290</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Helsinki FI-00290</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tatlisumak, Turgut" sort="Tatlisumak, Turgut" uniqKey="Tatlisumak T" first="Turgut" last="Tatlisumak">Turgut Tatlisumak</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff10">Experimental MRI Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Experimental MRI Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki FI-00290</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Helsinki FI-00290</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pytowski, Bronislaw" sort="Pytowski, Bronislaw" uniqKey="Pytowski B" first="Bronislaw" last="Pytowski">Bronislaw Pytowski</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff11">ImClone Systems, New York, New York 10016, USA;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>ImClone Systems, New York, New York 10016</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>New York 10016</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zalc, Bernard" sort="Zalc, Bernard" uniqKey="Zalc B" first="Bernard" last="Zalc">Bernard Zalc</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">University Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epiniere, UMR S975, Paris 75651, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>University Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epiniere, UMR S975, Paris 75651</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75651</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Inserm, U975, Paris 75651, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Inserm, U975, Paris 75651</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75651</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3">CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris 75651, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris 75651</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75651</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff12">Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris 75651, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris 75651</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75651</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Richardson, William" sort="Richardson, William" uniqKey="Richardson W" first="William" last="Richardson">William Richardson</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff13">Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">University College de Londres</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff14">Research Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">University College de Londres</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kessaris, Nicoletta" sort="Kessaris, Nicoletta" uniqKey="Kessaris N" first="Nicoletta" last="Kessaris">Nicoletta Kessaris</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff13">Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">University College de Londres</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff14">Research Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">University College de Londres</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia Verdugo, Jose Manuel" sort="Garcia Verdugo, Jose Manuel" uniqKey="Garcia Verdugo J" first="Jose Manuel" last="Garcia-Verdugo">Jose Manuel Garcia-Verdugo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6">Laboratorio de Morfología Celular, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, CIBERNED, Valencia 46013, Spain;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratorio de Morfología Celular, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, CIBERNED, Valencia 46013</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Valencia 46013</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff15">Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia 46980, Spain;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia 46980</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Valencia 46980</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alitalo, Kari" sort="Alitalo, Kari" uniqKey="Alitalo K" first="Kari" last="Alitalo">Kari Alitalo</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff4">Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Molecular/Cancer Biology Laboratory, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00290</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Helsinki</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Helsinki</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Uusimaa</region></placeName><placeName><settlement type="city">Helsinki</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Uusimaa</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université d'Helsinki</orgName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff5">Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Finlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00290</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Helsinki</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Helsinki</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Uusimaa</region></placeName><placeName><settlement type="city">Helsinki</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Uusimaa</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université d'Helsinki</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eichmann, Anne" sort="Eichmann, Anne" uniqKey="Eichmann A" first="Anne" last="Eichmann">Anne Eichmann</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff8">Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, Paris 75005, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, Paris 75005</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75005</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff16">Department of Cardiology, Yale University School of Medicine, Connecticut 06511, USA;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Cardiology, Yale University School of Medicine, Connecticut 06511</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Connecticut 06511</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thomas, Jean Leon" sort="Thomas, Jean Leon" uniqKey="Thomas J" first="Jean-Léon" last="Thomas">Jean-Léon Thomas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1">University Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epiniere, UMR S975, Paris 75651, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>University Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epiniere, UMR S975, Paris 75651</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75651</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2">Inserm, U975, Paris 75651, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Inserm, U975, Paris 75651</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75651</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3">CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris 75651, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>CNRS, UMR 7225, Paris 75651</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75651</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff12">Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris 75651, France;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris 75651</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75651</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><region type="région" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff17">Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, Connecticut 06511, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, Connecticut 06511</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Connecticut 06511</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Genes & Development</title><idno type="ISSN">0890-9369</idno><idno type="eISSN">1549-5477</idno><imprint><date when="2011">2011</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Neural stem cells (NSCs) are slowly dividing astrocytes that are intimately associated with capillary endothelial cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the brain. Functionally, members of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family can stimulate neurogenesis as well as angiogenesis, but it has been unclear whether they act directly via VEGF receptors (VEGFRs) expressed by neural cells, or indirectly via the release of growth factors from angiogenic capillaries. Here, we show that VEGFR-3, a receptor required for lymphangiogenesis, is expressed by NSCs and is directly required for neurogenesis. <italic>Vegfr3:YFP</italic> reporter mice show VEGFR-3 expression in multipotent NSCs, which are capable of self-renewal and are activated by the VEGFR-3 ligand VEGF-C in vitro. Overexpression of VEGF-C stimulates VEGFR-3-expressing NSCs and neurogenesis in the SVZ without affecting angiogenesis. Conversely, conditional deletion of <italic>Vegfr3</italic> in neural cells, inducible deletion in subventricular astrocytes, and blocking of VEGFR-3 signaling with antibodies reduce SVZ neurogenesis. Therefore, VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 signaling acts directly on NSCs and regulates adult neurogenesis, opening potential approaches for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.</p></div></front></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Espagne</li><li>Finlande</li><li>France</li><li>Royaume-Uni</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Angleterre</li><li>Catalogne</li><li>Grand Londres</li><li>Uusimaa</li><li>Île-de-France</li></region><settlement><li>Barcelone</li><li>Helsinki</li><li>Londres</li><li>Paris</li></settlement><orgName><li>University College de Londres</li><li>Université d'Helsinki</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="France"><region name="Île-de-France"><name sortKey="Calvo, Charles Felix" sort="Calvo, Charles Felix" uniqKey="Calvo C" first="Charles-Félix" last="Calvo">Charles-Félix Calvo</name></region><name sortKey="Benhaim, Lucile" sort="Benhaim, Lucile" uniqKey="Benhaim L" first="Lucile" last="Benhaim">Lucile Benhaim</name><name sortKey="Benhaim, Lucile" sort="Benhaim, Lucile" uniqKey="Benhaim L" first="Lucile" last="Benhaim">Lucile Benhaim</name><name sortKey="Benhaim, Lucile" sort="Benhaim, Lucile" uniqKey="Benhaim L" first="Lucile" last="Benhaim">Lucile Benhaim</name><name sortKey="Calvo, Charles Felix" sort="Calvo, Charles Felix" uniqKey="Calvo C" first="Charles-Félix" last="Calvo">Charles-Félix Calvo</name><name sortKey="Calvo, Charles Felix" sort="Calvo, Charles Felix" uniqKey="Calvo C" first="Charles-Félix" last="Calvo">Charles-Félix Calvo</name><name sortKey="Eichmann, Anne" sort="Eichmann, Anne" uniqKey="Eichmann A" first="Anne" last="Eichmann">Anne Eichmann</name><name sortKey="Fontaine, Romain H" sort="Fontaine, Romain H" uniqKey="Fontaine R" first="Romain H." last="Fontaine">Romain H. Fontaine</name><name sortKey="Fontaine, Romain H" sort="Fontaine, Romain H" uniqKey="Fontaine R" first="Romain H." last="Fontaine">Romain H. Fontaine</name><name sortKey="Fontaine, Romain H" sort="Fontaine, Romain H" uniqKey="Fontaine R" first="Romain H." last="Fontaine">Romain H. Fontaine</name><name sortKey="Miguez, Andres" sort="Miguez, Andres" uniqKey="Miguez A" first="Andres" last="Miguez">Andres Miguez</name><name sortKey="Miguez, Andres" sort="Miguez, Andres" uniqKey="Miguez A" first="Andres" last="Miguez">Andres Miguez</name><name sortKey="Miguez, Andres" sort="Miguez, Andres" uniqKey="Miguez A" first="Andres" last="Miguez">Andres Miguez</name><name sortKey="Moutkine, Imane" sort="Moutkine, Imane" uniqKey="Moutkine I" first="Imane" last="Moutkine">Imane Moutkine</name><name sortKey="Moutkine, Imane" sort="Moutkine, Imane" uniqKey="Moutkine I" first="Imane" last="Moutkine">Imane Moutkine</name><name sortKey="Moutkine, Imane" sort="Moutkine, Imane" uniqKey="Moutkine I" first="Imane" last="Moutkine">Imane Moutkine</name><name sortKey="Soueid, Jihane" sort="Soueid, Jihane" uniqKey="Soueid J" first="Jihane" last="Soueid">Jihane Soueid</name><name sortKey="Soueid, Jihane" sort="Soueid, Jihane" uniqKey="Soueid J" first="Jihane" last="Soueid">Jihane Soueid</name><name sortKey="Soueid, Jihane" sort="Soueid, Jihane" uniqKey="Soueid J" first="Jihane" last="Soueid">Jihane Soueid</name><name sortKey="Thomas, Jean Leon" sort="Thomas, Jean Leon" uniqKey="Thomas J" first="Jean-Léon" last="Thomas">Jean-Léon Thomas</name><name sortKey="Thomas, Jean Leon" sort="Thomas, Jean Leon" uniqKey="Thomas J" first="Jean-Léon" last="Thomas">Jean-Léon Thomas</name><name sortKey="Thomas, Jean Leon" sort="Thomas, Jean Leon" uniqKey="Thomas J" first="Jean-Léon" last="Thomas">Jean-Léon Thomas</name><name sortKey="Thomas, Jean Leon" sort="Thomas, Jean Leon" uniqKey="Thomas J" first="Jean-Léon" last="Thomas">Jean-Léon Thomas</name><name sortKey="Xu, Yunling" sort="Xu, Yunling" uniqKey="Xu Y" first="Yunling" last="Xu">Yunling Xu</name><name sortKey="Zalc, Bernard" sort="Zalc, Bernard" uniqKey="Zalc B" first="Bernard" last="Zalc">Bernard Zalc</name><name sortKey="Zalc, Bernard" sort="Zalc, Bernard" uniqKey="Zalc B" first="Bernard" last="Zalc">Bernard Zalc</name><name sortKey="Zalc, Bernard" sort="Zalc, Bernard" uniqKey="Zalc B" first="Bernard" last="Zalc">Bernard Zalc</name><name sortKey="Zalc, Bernard" sort="Zalc, Bernard" uniqKey="Zalc B" first="Bernard" last="Zalc">Bernard Zalc</name></country><country name="Finlande"><region name="Uusimaa"><name sortKey="Tammela, Tuomas" sort="Tammela, Tuomas" uniqKey="Tammela T" first="Tuomas" last="Tammela">Tuomas Tammela</name></region><name sortKey="Alitalo, Kari" sort="Alitalo, Kari" uniqKey="Alitalo K" first="Kari" last="Alitalo">Kari Alitalo</name><name sortKey="Alitalo, Kari" sort="Alitalo, Kari" uniqKey="Alitalo K" first="Kari" last="Alitalo">Kari Alitalo</name><name sortKey="Lyytikk, Johannes" sort="Lyytikk, Johannes" uniqKey="Lyytikk J" first="Johannes" last="Lyytikk">Johannes Lyytikk</name><name sortKey="Makinen, Taija" sort="Makinen, Taija" uniqKey="Makinen T" first="Taija" last="Makinen">Taija Makinen</name><name sortKey="Makinen, Taija" sort="Makinen, Taija" uniqKey="Makinen T" first="Taija" last="Makinen">Taija Makinen</name><name sortKey="Tammela, Tuomas" sort="Tammela, Tuomas" uniqKey="Tammela T" first="Tuomas" last="Tammela">Tuomas Tammela</name><name sortKey="Tatlisumak, Turgut" sort="Tatlisumak, Turgut" uniqKey="Tatlisumak T" first="Turgut" last="Tatlisumak">Turgut Tatlisumak</name></country><country name="Espagne"><noRegion><name sortKey="Alfaro Cervello, Clara" sort="Alfaro Cervello, Clara" uniqKey="Alfaro Cervello C" first="Clara" last="Alfaro-Cervello">Clara Alfaro-Cervello</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Barallobre, Maria Jose" sort="Barallobre, Maria Jose" uniqKey="Barallobre M" first="Maria-José" last="Barallobre">Maria-José Barallobre</name><name sortKey="Garcia Verdugo, Jose Manuel" sort="Garcia Verdugo, Jose Manuel" uniqKey="Garcia Verdugo J" first="Jose Manuel" last="Garcia-Verdugo">Jose Manuel Garcia-Verdugo</name><name sortKey="Garcia Verdugo, Jose Manuel" sort="Garcia Verdugo, Jose Manuel" uniqKey="Garcia Verdugo J" first="Jose Manuel" last="Garcia-Verdugo">Jose Manuel Garcia-Verdugo</name></country><country name="Royaume-Uni"><noRegion><name sortKey="Bonnaud, Fabien" sort="Bonnaud, Fabien" uniqKey="Bonnaud F" first="Fabien" last="Bonnaud">Fabien Bonnaud</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Kessaris, Nicoletta" sort="Kessaris, Nicoletta" uniqKey="Kessaris N" first="Nicoletta" last="Kessaris">Nicoletta Kessaris</name><name sortKey="Kessaris, Nicoletta" sort="Kessaris, Nicoletta" uniqKey="Kessaris N" first="Nicoletta" last="Kessaris">Nicoletta Kessaris</name><name sortKey="Richardson, William" sort="Richardson, William" uniqKey="Richardson W" first="William" last="Richardson">William Richardson</name><name sortKey="Richardson, William" sort="Richardson, William" uniqKey="Richardson W" first="William" last="Richardson">William Richardson</name></country><country name="États-Unis"><noRegion><name sortKey="Pytowski, Bronislaw" sort="Pytowski, Bronislaw" uniqKey="Pytowski B" first="Bronislaw" last="Pytowski">Bronislaw Pytowski</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Eichmann, Anne" sort="Eichmann, Anne" uniqKey="Eichmann A" first="Anne" last="Eichmann">Anne Eichmann</name><name sortKey="Thomas, Jean Leon" sort="Thomas, Jean Leon" uniqKey="Thomas J" first="Jean-Léon" last="Thomas">Jean-Léon Thomas</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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